Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. The Acholi region and language 51. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. "Land Tenure in Acholi." He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Religious Beliefs. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. Due to its central location and the close But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). Domestic Unit. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. "Acholi These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. Political organisation - Wikipedia "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. into the independence era. The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. Girling, F. K. (1960). All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. 53- It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Acholi | people | Britannica Orientation identity is rather disputed. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. social control in the area. Location. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. with the British was through Samuel Baker. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. Identification. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. The Acholi region and language 51 - The history and politics of Under Ugandan Pres. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Langlands, B. W. (1971). However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. Organizational Politics. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. According to the [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Land Tenure. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. 3 vols. majority peasant population. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. Conflict. p. 41). It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Ocheng, D. O. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything The Population Geography of Acholi District. In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Industrial Arts. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. Luo peoples - Wikipedia 13.4 Organizational Politics - Organizational Behavior Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. Kinship Terminology. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. (1991). (1972). PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. ." With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . 23 Feb. 2023 . Much of that hierarchy continued Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Vincent (2012). Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. (1976). This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Under Ugandan Pres. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. The n, Mende B. Webster, eds. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. //