Its price was $2,500. Under the leadership of MIT's Gordon Brown and Jay Forrester, the team first built a small analog simulator, but found it inaccurate and inflexible. server. What characteristic is common to most Personalized Learning Systems (PLS)? high interaction between students and the teacher. The success of the VAX family of computers transformed DEC into the second-largest computer company in the world, as VAX systems became the de facto standard computing system for industry, the sciences, engineering, and research. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. The air defense system used two AN/FSQ-7 computers, each of which used a full megawatt of power to drive its 55,000 vacuum tubes, 175,000 diodes and 13,000 transistors. A British government contract spurred its initial development but a change in government led to loss of funding and the second and only other Mark I was sold at a major loss to the University of Toronto, where it was re-christened FERUT. Lisa is the first commercial personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). A later version of that machine became the PDP-8, the first commercially successful minicomputer. The system was kept at NASA Ames Research Center until 2013, when it was removed to make way for two new supercomputers. Definition. Atari's 8-bit computers were influential in the arts, especially in the emerging DemoScene culture of the 1980s and '90s. T/F False Storage on a mobile device is usually an SSD (Solid-state drive). When connected to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics for the time. Apple Stores display of newly introduced Apple Watches. It was designed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory engineer Wesley Clark. Its large scope intrigued early hackers at MIT, who wrote the first computerized video game, SpaceWar!, as well as programs to play music. It interfaced with a wide number of standard laboratory instruments, allowing customers to computerize their instrument systems. Called the Model K Adder because he built it on his Kitchen table, this simple demonstration circuit provides proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model I Complex Calculator in 1939. After the success of the first LEO, Lyons went into business manufacturing computers to meet the growing need for data processing systems in business. SSEC goes on display IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) OS/2 will continue to be used in special any combo of hardware or software designed to provide services to us. The Roadrunner is the first computer to reach a sustained performance of 1 petaflop (one thousand trillion floating point operations per second). At the time IBM released the System/360, the company had just made the transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue began to move from punched card equipment to electronic computer systems. These tables were later confirmed by using more modern computers for the actual flights. All these previous chips set the stage for the first PC processors. For research, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) supplied the components, and 50 original LINCs were made. Intel released the 80486 microprocessor and the i860 RISC/coprocessor chip, each of which contained more than 1 million transistors. Demand called for more than 12,000 of the 1401 computers, and the machines success made a strong case for using general-purpose computers rather than specialized systems. What type of web-based creation is produced when a teacher has art students sketchnoting about a visiting artist's lecture? The TI 99/4 sold well and led to a series of TI follow-on machines. Originally a joint project with IBM and Microsoft, OS/2 is know maintained by IBM, and was a competitive product to the various MS Windows programs. Let us call it Simon, because of its predecessor, Simple Simon Simon is so simple and so small in fact that it could be built to fill up less space than a grocery-store box; about four cubic feet.. Many innovative programs were created for Johnniac, including the time-sharing system JOSS that allowed many users to simultaneously access the machine. It managed Japan's first on-line, real-time reservation system for Kinki Nippon Railways in 1960. The keyboard was comprised of three roughly triangular interlocking pieces, which formed a full-sized keyboard when the laptop was opened -- resulting in a keyboard significantly wider than the case. Spinning at 12,500 rpm, the 650s magnetic data-storage drum allowed much faster access to stored information than other drum-based machines. In 1984, Michael Dell creates PC's Limited while still a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. Started by a group of engineers that left Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General designs the Nova minicomputer. Powerful microcomputers developed for use by commercial, educational and government enterprises are called ____. The function of an output device is to: Selected Answer: Convert electronic information produced by the computer system into human-intelligible form for presentation to end-users. Atlas was the fastest computer in the world at the time and introduced the concept of virtual memory, that is, using a disk or drum as an extension of main memory. Apple's Macintosh Portable meets with little success in the marketplace and leads to a complete redesign of Apple's line of portable computers. The University of Michigan Micro Mote (M3) is the smallest computer in the world at the time of its completion. Which software tool would be helpful for preparing a newsletter? Its task was to detect incoming Soviet bombers and direct interceptor aircraft to destroy them. The first stored-program computer to be built in continental Europe was the MESM, completed in the Soviet Union in 1950. Cuthbert Hurd (standing) and Thomas Watson, Sr. at IBM 701 console. The 400 served primarily as a game console, while the 800 was more of a home computer. ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, used about 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. Apollo was a leading innovator in the workstation field for more than a decade, and was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989. Compaq beats IBM to the market when it announces the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use Intels new 80386 chip, a 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors on each chip. microprocessor/ processor. These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s.These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. With a distinctive anodized aluminum case, and hailed as the first true 64-bit personal computer, the Apple G5 is the most powerful Macintosh ever released to that point. Definition. "Best study app ever! It was believed that ENIAC had done more calculation over the ten years it was in operation than all of humanity had until that time. The system was IBM's response to losing control of the PC market with the rise of widespread copying of the original IBM PC design by clone makers. Programmer Arthur Samuels used the 701 to write the first computer program designed to play checkers. A large amount of software was created for the BBC Micro, including educational, productivity, and game programs. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 Univac 1s at more than $1 million each. An electronic machine operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can: 1. What type of web-based creation is produced when students submit their written or artistic products to a website? What is a prominent research finding regarding students who engage in computer programming activities? Title card- BBCs The Computer Programme. The iPad combines many of the popular capabilities of the iPhone, such as built-in high-definition camera, access to the iTunes Store, and audio-video capabilities, but with a nine-inch screen and without the phone. The Librascope division of defense contractor General Precision buys Frankels design, renaming it the LGP-30 in 1956. The first of several personal computers released in 1977, the PET comes fully assembled with either 4 or 8 KB of memory, a built-in cassette tape drive, and a membrane keyboard. Curt Herzstark was an Austrian engineer who worked in his familys manufacturing business until he was arrested by the Nazis in 1943. What software was the first available for microcomputers? One biblical scholar even used a Univac 1 to compile a concordance to the King James version of the Bible. All three PowerBooks introduced featured a built-in trackball, internal floppy drive, and palm rests, which would eventually become typical of 1990s laptop design. Based on ideas from Alan Turing, Britains Pilot ACE computer is constructed at the National Physical Laboratory. Microcomputers are an interesting part of the history of both computing and video games. Linux, NetWare, UNIX, Windows. This very small home computer is available in the UK as a kit for 79 or pre-assembled for 99. In 1940, Stibitz demonstrated the CNC at an American Mathematical Society conference held at Dartmouth College. refers to symbols that represent fast objects and ideas. One of the earliest and most popular pieces of software for microcomputers was the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. It had 32 KB of memory and sold for $8,000. Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. An offshoot of the POWER XCell8i chip was used as the main processor in the Sony PlayStation 3 game console. After the success of the PET, Commodore remained a major player in the personal computer market into the 1990s. (C) The Regent Corporation's microcomputer can be used in conjunction with higher-priced microcomputers manufactured by other companies. The most ambitious massively parallel computer at the time, the ILLIAC IV was plagued with design and production problems. FoxBase is a database management system and programming language developed by Fox Software in the mid-1980s. Millions of Apple IIs were sold between 1977 and 1993, making it one of the longest-lived lines of personal computers. Until recently, good microcomputer software for multimedia presentations was not available, but was much in demand by businesses. Nearly a quarter century after IBM launched their PC in 1981, they had become merely another player in a crowded marketplace. The J-Phone line would quickly expand, releasing a flip-phone version just a month later. The Earth Simulator was listed as the fastest supercomputer in the world from 2002 to 2004. In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. The banking industry rushed to adopt the machine, built to run during repair or expansion. workstations. C. Three types of the M3 were available two types that measured either temperature or pressure and one that could take images. ex..pentium, celeron, athlon. What type of software allows teachers and students in different locations to use it to create, edit, and share documents at the same time over the Internet? In 1987, the year after Microsoft went public, 31-year-old Gates became the world's youngest billionaire. What can be accomplished by using the Quality Matters standards and the Rubric for Assessing Interactive Quality? The US Navy Tactical Data System uses computers to integrate and display shipboard radar, sonar and communications data. After being successfully used for decades, NTDS was phased out in favor of the newer AEGIS system in the 1980s. Designed by scientists and engineers at MITs Instrumentation Laboratory, the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) is the culmination of years of work to reduce the size of the Apollo spacecraft computer from the size of seven refrigerators side-by-side to a compact unit weighing only 70 lbs. Wilkes' ideas grew out of the Moore School lectures he had attended three years earlier. Replacing their Archimedes computer, the RISC PC from UK's Acorn Computers uses the ARMv3 RISC microprocessor. In 1977, MITS was sold to Pertec, which continued producing Altairs in 1978. Columbia Supercomputer system made up of SGI Altix. Palm could be connected to a PC or Mac using a serial port to synchronize sync both computer and Palm. What are students programming when they develop a computer-generated environment in which a real-life scene is overlaid with computer-generated information? The EDSAC project was led by Cambridge professor and director of the Cambridge Computation Laboratory, Maurice Wilkes. What do sites such as edshelf, Learning List, What Works Clearinghouse, EdSurge Product Index, and Common Sense Education help teachers with? Subject. 0.5 out of 0.5 points. Wang was a successful calculator manufacturer, then a successful word processor company. Apple introduces the Macintosh with a television commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl, which plays on the theme of totalitarianism in George Orwells book 1984. The Mark 1 produced mathematical tables but was soon superseded by electronic stored-program computers. Back in the 80s and 90s, the home computing revolution led to a huge number of microcomputers hitting the market across the world. The Z3 was used for aerodynamic calculations but was destroyed in a bombing raid on Berlin in late 1943. Cameras would become a significant part of most phones within a year, and several countries have even passed laws regulating their use. Designed by engineer Gardner Hendrie for Computer Control Corporation (CCC), the DDP-116 is announced at the 1965 Spring Joint Computer Conference. Palm Inc., founded by Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins, originally created software for the Casio Zoomer personal data assistant. The Micral computer series debuted their first computer in early 1973. IBM's brand recognition, along with a massive marketing campaign, ignites the fast growth of the personal computer market with the announcement of its own personal computer (PC). The first Kindle featured wireless access to content via Amazon.com, along with an SD card slot allowing increased storage. The mill is still in use today as an office park (Clock Tower Place) today. The first practical stored-program computer to provide a regular computing service, EDSAC is built at Cambridge University using vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines for memory. Designed by British engineer Tommy Flowers, the Colossus is designed to break the complex Lorenz ciphers used by the Nazis during World War II. Hewlett and Packard in their garage workshop. The IAS computer was designed for scientific calculations and it performed essential work for the US atomic weapons program. It was developed as a versatile instrument controller for HP's growing family of programmable test and measurement products. Each credit card-sized Arduino board consisted of an inexpensive microcontroller and signal connectors which made Arduinos ideal for use in any application connecting to or monitoring the outside world. The VAIO line of computers would be best known for laptops were designed with communications and audio-video capabilities at the forefront, including innovative designs that incorporated TV and radio tuners, web cameras, and handwriting recognition. The Pentium is the fifth generation of the x86 line of microprocessors from Intel, the basis for the IBM PC and its clones. answer choices True Fasle Question 3 30 seconds Q. Intel's first microprocessor, a 1/16-by-1/8-inch chip called the 4004, had the same computing power as the massive ENIAC. Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) grow out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computers instruction set does 80 percent of the work. Find and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. The micro has to have a real . The notion of storing both data and instructions in memory became known as the stored program concept to distinguish it from earlier methods of instructing a computer. SABRE is a joint project between American Airlines and IBM. What type of online learning is used the least in K-12 educational contexts? The original design included two memory boards and could generate and store 512 characters as 16 lines of 32 characters. Univac computers were used in many different applications but utilities, insurance companies and the US military were major customers. That's not as trivial. The NBS also built the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC) at the Institute for Numerical Analysis on the UCLA campus. Minuteman missiles use transistorized computers to continuously calculate their position in flight. Gates and Allen started Microsoftoriginally called Micro-Soft, for microprocessors and. In 1973, after selling only 40 machines, Kenbak Corporation closed its doors. Its price was especially attractive as the computer included very useful productivity software worth about $1,500 alone. With a screen resolution of up to 400 pixels-per-inch (PPI), Retina displays approached the limit of pixel visibility to the human eye. After successfully demonstrating a proof-of-concept prototype in 1939, Professor John Vincent Atanasoff receives funds to build a full-scale machine at Iowa State College (now University). The Model 650 was also highly popular in universities, where a generation of students first learned programming. The C64, as it is better known, sells for $595, comes with 64 KB of RAM and features impressive graphics. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. By the early 1990s, Dell became one of the leading computer retailers. The Alpha processor designs were eventually acquired by Compaq, which, along with Intel, phased out the Alpha architecture in favor of the HP/Itanium microprocessor. A total of ten Colossi were delivered, each using as many as 2,500 vacuum tubes. Designed to replace the 32-bit VAX architecture, the Alpha is a 64-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. A special version, known as HARVEST, was developed for the US National Security Agency (NSA). The first of David Hilbert's 23 unsolved problems presented at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900 involved the Continuum Hypothesis. The inside of the Amiga case is engraved with the signatures of the Amiga designers, including Jay Miner as well as the paw print of his dog Mitchy. Headquartered in Maynard, Massachusetts, Digital Equipment Corporation, took over 8,680 square foot leased space in a nineteenth century mill that once produced blankets and uniforms for soldiers who fought in the Civil War. Scelbi aimed the 8H, available both in kit form and fully assembled, at scientific, electronic, and biological applications. Applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite, which demonstrated WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing. The Tandem-16 eventually led to the Non-Stop series of systems, which were used for early ATMs and to monitor stock trades. Many companies have attempted to release electronic reading systems dating back to the early 1990s. While Sun workstations didn't utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later developed for, it represented the . The first microcomputer was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The HP-35 helped HP become one of the most dominant companies in the handheld calculator market for more than two decades. Motes are also known as smart dust, since the intention is that their tiny size and low cost make them inexpensive enough to sprinkle in the real world to as sensors. The success of the Portable inspired many other early IBM-compatible computers. The Baby was built to test a new memory technology developed by Williams and Kilburn -- soon known as the Williams Tube which was the first high-speed electronic random access memory for computers. One of the first commercially produced computers, the companys first customer was the US Navy. Joe Thompson at Whirlwind console, ca. The MOS 6502 was introduced at a conference in San Francisco at a cost of $25, far less than comparable processors from Intel and Motorola, leading some attendees to believe that the company was perpetrating a hoax. The 2116A is HPs first computer. In 1979, Truong sold R2E to Bull. Scientific and defense applications included studies of human electrophysiology, nuclear weapon simulation, human genome mapping, and global climate change. The primary distinguishing characteristic of modern computers is ____. The machine was expandable, with ports for cassette storage, serial interface and rudimentary networking. Advertised as the first 100% IBM PC-compatible computer, the Compaq Portable can run the same software as the IBM PC. This is a list of early microcomputers sold to hobbyists and developers. most important part of computer. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B model to test recording equipment and speaker systems for the 12 specially equipped theatres that showed the movie Fantasia in 1940. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. With a peak speed of over a petaflop (one thousand trillion calculations per second), the Tianhe 1 (translation: Milky Way 1) is developed by the Chinese National University of Defense Technology using Intel Xeon processors combined with AMD graphic processing units (GPUs). Nine of the computers, which featured dozens of advanced design innovations, were sold, mainly to national laboratories and major scientific users. Accept data (input) 2. Thousands of software titles were released over the lifespan of the C64 and by the time it was discontinued in 1993, it had sold more than 22 million units. The ad featured the destruction of Big Brother a veiled reference to IBM -- through the power of personal computing found in a Macintosh. While larger than the previous G4 towers, the G5 had comparatively limited space for expansion. A consortium of aerospace, energy, and marine science agencies undertook the project, and the system was built by NEC around their SX-6 architecture. Operational by 1964, it was not the first computerized reservation system, but it was well publicized and became very influential. The legal result was a landmark: Atanasoff was declared the originator of several basic computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared un-patentable and thus freely open to all. Once finally completed, it achieved a computational speed of 200 million instructions per second and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of its parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipelining" structure of its 64 processing elements. The LINC was later commercialized by DEC and sold as the LINC-8. The 470V/6 was the companys first product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. The electronic circuits (registers) of the arithmetic- logic unit perform both the arithmetic and logic functions needed for the software instructions to be executed. The Simon 1 used relay logic and cost about $600 to build. The computer he created, an all-black cube was an important innovation. In October 2013, the one millionth Raspberry Pi was shipped. . The first generation of Palm-produced devices, the Palm 1000 and 5000, are based around a Motorola microprocessor running at 16MHz, and uses a special gestural input language called Graffiti, which is quick to learn and fast. mainframe computer. While many early digital computers were based on similar designs, such as the IAS and its copies, others are unique designs, like the CSIRAC. Of the following challenges, which one has not been identified as a challenge for students engaged in blended learning? After the war, he concentrated on the development of Princetons Institute for Advanced Studies computer. HP Netserver LM, one of the first to use Intel's Pentium. Initially designed for internal use by HP employees, co-founder Bill Hewlett issues a challenge to his engineers in 1971: fit all of the features of their desktop scientific calculator into a package small enough for his shirt pocket. The popularity of 16-bit computers, such as the Hewlett-Packard 21xx series and the Data General Nova, led the way toward word lengths that were multiples of the 8-bit byte. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. The ASCI Red, based on the design of the Intel Paragon, was built by IBM and delivered to Sandia National Laboratories. The US Army asked Bell Laboratories to design a machine to assist in testing its M-9 gun director, a type of analog computer that aims large guns to their targets. It was built in Washington DC as a test-bed for evaluating components and systems as well as for setting computer standards. Commodore releases the VIC-20 home computer as the successor to the Commodore PET personal computer. Windows NT was a version of Windows that included a graphical interface on top of a DOS kernel. Which of the following is an accepted design criterion for writing and publishing digital documents? In all, about 200 of the boards were sold before Apple announced the follow-on Apple II a year later as a ready-to-use computer for consumers, a model which sold in the millions for nearly two decades. Of the following, which is one of the controversies surrounding use of word processing in schools? At the same press conference, IBM also announced 40 completely new peripherals for the new family. The company was incorporated by three 26-year-old Stanford alumni: Bechtolsheim, Vinod Khosla and Scott McNealy. Many of the 1101s basic architectural details were used again in later Remington-Rand computers until the 1960s. Spreadsheet It was transferred to the Department of Physics at the University of Melbourne in 1955 and remained in service until 1964. CHAPTER 5 QUESTION 1 1. The Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) needed a supercomputer to help with the maintenance of the US nuclear arsenal following the ban on underground nuclear testing. microcomputer, an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). The device was considered the earliest non-kit personal computer. Today those systems use the PowerPC chip, also by Motorola and a successor to the 68000 series. The Macintosh was the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface and was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor. Lenovo became the largest manufacturer of PCs in the world with the acquisition, later also acquiring IBM's server line of computers. selecting effective instructional software. Students included future computing pioneers such as Maurice Wilkes, Claude Shannon, David Rees, and Jay Forrester. 25. During World War II, the US Navy approaches the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) about building a flight simulator to train bomber crews. The PROMs contained a disk operating system, allowing. The Altair 8800, produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) and invented by Ed Roberts, was originally sold as a kit. It used a MOS Technologies 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz. The 1101, designed by ERA but built by Remington-Rand, was intended for high-speed computing and stored 1 million bits on its magnetic drum, one of the earliest magnetic storage devices and a technology which ERA had done much to perfect in its own laboratories. An ecologist, for example, could sprinkle thousands of motes from the air onto a field and measure soil and air temperature, moisture, and sunlight, giving them accurate real-time data about the environment. The LEO was Englands first commercial computer and was performing useful work before any other commercial computer system in the world. This was the first program in history to run on a digital, electronic, stored-program computer. These are the two categories people usually use to describe tutorial software functions. true. The Programma 101 could do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as calculate square roots. At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. One of the earliest personal computers, the Kenbak-1 is advertised for $750 in Scientific American magazine. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. At 4 million operations per second and 4 kilobytes of memory, the 80386 gave PCs as much speed and power as older mainframes and minicomputers.