Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia (see table 1). Postpartum Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan. Early Pregnancy (Cherry Hill). Many different conditions may be associated with hypoglycemia in the newborn, including the following: Inadequate maternal nutrition in pregnancy. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. The multimedia enhanced edition of Wong''s Nursing Care of Infants and Children, 9th Edition has new resources on the Evolve website for students including case studies, journals articles from Mosby''s Nursing Consult, updated skills content plus interactive checklists, and the new Mobile Quick Reference - a web app with even more resources that can be accessed on any device. Objective: acetone breath. Risk for Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Ask the patient to repeat or demonstrate the self-administration details to you. They are used to measure the newborns maturity and provide baseline data. Desired Outcome: The mother must still be able to identify and demonstrate ways for maintaining lactation as well as techniques for providing breast milk to the newborn. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The lowest overall score is 0, indicating that no respiratory distress is present. Nurses pocket guide: Diagnoses, prioritized interventions, and rationales. Buy on Amazon, Gulanick, M., & Myers, J. L. (2017). This can encourage the continuation of efforts. Davis. Encourage the patient to keep the feet warm by wearing white cotton socks. A newborn girl who was born at 38 weeks of gestation weighs 2000 g and is . Nursing care of the neonate . Manage Settings Sample Nursing Care Plans for Hypoglycemia . Refer the patient to physiotherapy / occupational therapy team as required. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the To assist the patient in identifying and managing modifiable risk factors related to diabetes. Feed the newborn early according to nursery protocol to prevent or treat hypoglycemia. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Etiology . Provide information about community resources, support groups and diabetic educators. 3. Educate the patient (or guardian) on how to fill out a fluid balance chart at bedside. Recognize and reward caring and protective parenting practices with positive reinforcement. Diabetes management requires a balance of healthy eating, regular physical activity, and blood sugar monitoring. May be SGA or LGA, with or without congenital anomalies and with or without birth injury. The white cloth makes it easy to see if there is any presence of blood or exudates. In times of extreme physical and/or mental stress, the patient may be unable to accurately analyze the events that led to the current situation. Anna Curran. In maternal long-term diabetes with vascular changes, the newborn may be SGA because of compromised placental blood flow, maternal hypertension, or pregnancy-induced hypertension, which restricts uteroplacental blood flow. The pancreas is not able to create enough insulin to surpass this insulin resistance, resulting to the buildup of glucose in the blood. The emergence of psychological issues that influence ones self-concept might add to the stress. Also, cesarean births are more likely. The patient will develop the ability to take responsibility for his/her own needs. Keywords: maternal diabetes; Idm This can result in rebound neonatal hyperglycaemia and perpetuation of hyperinsulinism. too much insulin dose may result to hypoglycemia, while too little insulin dose may lead to hyperglycemia). Despite advances in perinatal care, infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) remain at risk for a multitude of physiologic, metabolic, and congenital complications such as preterm birth . - lack of recall. Create a daily routine for the patient, as consistent as possible. Educate about balancing food intake with physical activities. It is important to inform the patient the desired range for blood glucose level because this helps the patient and healthcare provider decide on the appropriate insulin dosage. Breast milk also contains substances that help protect an infant against . Her experience spans almost 30 years in nursing, starting as an LVN in 1993. Anna began writing extra materials to help her BSN and LVN students with their studies and writing nursing care plans. There are different types of diabetes, but all of them lead to the buildup of excess glucose in the bloodstream. 6. The infants length, head/chest/abdominal circumferences are also plotted to determine if any disproportions are present. It is required to obtain baseline data and enables the healthcare provider to plan the next course of action. Powerlessness. Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., Makic, M. B., Martinez-Kratz, M. R., & Zanotti, M. (2020). She takes the topics that the students are learning and expands on them to try to help with their understanding of the nursing process and help nursing students pass the NCLEX exams. Schizophrenia Care Plan Interventions For Nurses, Nurse Skills: How to Write a Badass Nursing Care Plan, Holiday Blues: 10 Ways to Make Your Patients Smile During Holidays, A Nurses Ultimate Guide to Graduate Programs, 12 Types of Nurses You Didnt Know Existed, 10 Scrub Undershirts That Nurses Will Love, 26 Powerful Healing Prayers for Cancer Patients, 26 Prayers for the Departed and Dearly Missed. Adherence to prescribed diabetic treatment ensures good blood flow and reduced risk for delayed wound healing. To maintain patient safety and reduce the risk for cross contamination. Educate patient about the importance of adhering to prescribed diabetic treatment. Physiologic. Infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) are often larger than other babies, especially if diabetes is not well-controlled. Dietary changes. A score of 4 to 6 suggests mild distress, whereas a score of 7 to 10 indicates severe respiratory distress. Examine available documents and resources to identify life experiences such as medical records, statements from significant others and notes from consultants. The medical information on this site is provided as an information resource only and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. and transmitted securely. To facilitate a better peripheral blood circulation. Provide therapeutic communication techniques such as active-listening, acknowledgment, and silence. Participating in these activities with the parents improves their self-esteem. As they grow older, the color of the skin that they were born with may change. Nursing Diagnosis: Deficient Knowledge related to new diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes as evidenced by patients verbalization of I want to know more about my new diagnosis and care. The problems facing the infant of a diabetic mother antenatally, intrapartally, and neonatally relate directly to the sequence of maternal hyperglycemia, fetal hyperglycemia, and subsequent fetal hyperinsulinemia. Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of fetal, neonatal, and long-term complications in the offspring. Encourage the patient to increase physical activity, particularly aerobic exercise. The following are the two major types of diabetes: a. An understanding of the metabolic alterations seen in normal and diabetic pregnancies can lead to an optimal plan of care for the diabetic patient and her infant. The patient will be able to recognize feelings of powerlessness. Advise the patient to perform proper foot care. the past 30-40 years because of improvements in the care Infants of Diabetic Mothers Lori Baas Rubarth, PhD, APRN-NP, NNP-BC AbstrAct Infants of diabetic mothers (Idms) can present with various symptoms and disorders. To address the patients cognition and mental status towards the new diagnosis of diabetes and to help the patient overcome blocks to learning. The patient will show problem-solving abilities and engage in society at a normal level. In Type 1 diabetes, the immune system produces antibodies that destroy the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, leaving the organ to produce little or no insulin to help transport the glucose into the cells that need it. These include: Other complications may include skin problems, hearing impairment, depression, and Alzheimers disease. The .gov means its official. Evaluate the mothers perceptions and understanding of breastfeeding, as well as the amount of education she has received. To ensure that the blood glucose level is within target range. Insulin absorption from lipodystrophic areas: a (neglected) source of trouble for insulin therapy?. Families want knowledge and answers in distressing situations. Provide careful skin care. Vital in preventing a sudden increase or decrease in blood glucose levels. She found a passion in the ER and has stayed in this department for 30 years. Hypoglycemia may result after birth from lack of glucose from the mother, but continued production of insulin by the newborn. Determine the influence of clients cultural and religious factors affecting dietary practices, taking responsibility for own care and expectations of healthcare outcome. Buy on Amazon. Walking barefoot can cause trauma, which could lead to ulceration and infection. Its an autoimmune disorder where the bodys immune system attacks its own pancreas, inhibiting its capacity to produce insulin. Moisturizers prevent skin cracking by softening and lubricating dry skin while cutting the nails straight will help to avoid ingrown toenails, which can lead to infection. Careers. 4-6 points: The newborns status is delicate, and he or she may require more extensive airway clearance and supplemental oxygen. Thus, it is up to the nurses to offer the best nursing care possible before handing them over to their parents. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. They are instead related to the diseases that develop as a . Reduces pain perceptions and may foster a sense of control. Neuropathy. Intrapartally, screening and monitoring are used to identify cephalopelvic disproportion and shoulder dystocia to prevent birth trauma and fetal asphyxia. Refer the client to a dietitian to plan specific dietary needs based on complicated situations like pregnancy, growth spurt and change in activity level following an injury. Shoulder dystocia: nursing prevention and posttrauma care. Participation provides the patient a sense of control and boosts their self-esteem. Demonstrate how to perform blood sugar monitoring. Maternal and Child Health Nursing (NCLEX Exams), Medical and Surgical Nursing (NCLEX Exams), Pharmacology and Drug Calculation (NCLEX Exams), Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot) Nursing Management, Prolonged Pregnancy (Postterm Pregnancy) Nursing Management. government site. Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements, Disturbed Sleep Pattern Nursing Diagnosis, Blood Transfusion Nursing Diagnosis and Nursing Care Plan, Hip Fracture Nursing Diagnosis and Nursing Care Plan, Pleurisy Nursing Diagnosis Care Plan - NurseStudy.Net, Gestational Diabetes Nursing Diagnosis Interventions and Care Plans - NurseStudy.Net, Colon Cancer - Pathophysiology, Podcast, and Nursing Care Plan. A pregnancy may end in a live birth, a miscarriage, an induced abortion, or a stillbirth. To stress the importance of health teaching being done for the client. Hypoglycemia refers to low blood glucose in the baby immediately after delivery. Determine if the patient and the significant other have changed in their relationship. Circumcision-Main complication (hemorrhage & infection), glucose water on pacifier, use petroleum jelly on site) want to be sure that the newborn is in . To provide information on diabetes and its pathophysiology in the simplest way possible. Body temperature is lowered, and comfort is provided to the newborn with a tepid sponge bath. The average parameters that nurses use to examine the newborns vital statistics are listed below. A proper visitation schedule when the infant is hungry and eager to be fed can make the newborn drink breast milk adequately. Assess for necrotic tissues around the clients wound. Provide information relevant only to the situation. Evaluate the patients self-management abilities, including blood glucose monitoring techniques. To determine the appropriate treatment in maintaining target blood glucose levels. Measure the newborns glucose level according to nursery protocol. This is caused by an increased concentration of red blood cells and a lower proportion of subcutaneous fat in newborns. The patient will be able to declare the ability to cope and when necessary, seeks assistance. Proper wound care contributes to the prevention of wound infection. d. term, small for gestational age, and low-birth-weight infant. Day 3- (3-4 wet diapers/1-2 stools) and change from Meconium to yellowish color. Persons with delayed wound healing are at highest risk for developing the infection. Inform the patient the details about the prescribed medications (e.g. The development of coping behaviors is limited, therefore primary caregivers provide support and serve as role models. The care of this neonate builds on the pathophysiologic concepts presented in "The Infant of the Diabetic Mother" also appearing in this issue and other recent reviews of the subject. Caring for the infant of a diabetic mother. Anna Curran. Advertisement. To ensure appropriate nutrition and to encourage the continuation of the lactation process. Provide the patient and family facts and explanation before giving care and providing any procedure. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management related to new-onset illness, treatment management that is not well understood, and a difficult medical management secondary to diabetes mellitus. This information is intended to be nursing education and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. . Determine the clients most urgent learning need both from the clients and nurses point of view. Various unknown factors also may contribute to changes. Provide adequate ventilation in the room. Philadelphia: F.A. The mother is also at high risk for pre-eclampsia, a fatal condition during pregnancy. According to the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health PromotionDivision of Diabetes Translation, up to 34.2 million people in the United States have diabetes. Khandare J, Ds M, Ananthan A, Nanavati R J Trop Pediatr 2020 Apr 1;66(2):194 . To determine what factors lead to a fluid volume deficit of a newborn that can be treated immediately. Discuss with the patient the short term and long-term goals of weight loss. Uncontrolled levels of blood glucose may lead to serious complications such as neuropathy and retinopathy. May be related to. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) from all causes of diabetes is the most common medical complication of pregnancy and is increasing in incidence, particularly as type 2 diabetes continues to increase worldwide. False reassurances are never useful to the patient and only serve to alleviate the care providers distress. This will allow the healthcare provider to identify issues that bother the patient and significant others. Hypoglycaemia is the most common metabolic disorder of the neonate, and occurs in 5-15% of all neonates. Congenital anomalies are more likely in IDMs who are SGA than in other SGA newborns. Create a peaceful, relaxing environment for the newborn. The high glucose levels in the blood may damage the blood vessel walls, including the arteries of the heart. Nursing care plans: Diagnoses, interventions, & outcomes. Rates of 22%'' and 30%' have been reported. Diabetic patients need complex nursing care. The nurse's assessment of the . Asphyxia of the newborn in east, central and southern Africa. Provide the patient a thorough explanation of the desired information and avoid giving more than what the patient can manage. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Hyperthermia related to developing thermoregulation. As directed by the attending physician, administer intravenous fluid replacement. Review the clients current diet and nutritional needs. Risk for Injury. Teach the patient to apply a light moisturizer to the feet and after softening toenails with a bath, cut them straight across. Different types of insulin have different administration methods. Educate about the importance of following diabetic treatment consistently. Create objectives clearly in the clients terms. Knowing and following proper administration method is important in ensuring drugs efficiency. Insulin absorption is affected by the integrity of injection sites (. Following is the nursing care plan for diabetes insipidus: Monitor the daily weights and determine the weight loss/gain. With proper use of the nursing process, a patient can benefit from various nursing interventions to assess, monitor, and manage diabetes and promote client safety and wellbeing. She received her RN license in 1997. Place infant in a respiratory depression and had T= temperature. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Because of how prevalent it is, nurses need to be highly knowledgeable and skilled when it comes to educating and caring for their patients. The fetal response to these transferred substances includes: Islet cells of the pancreas enlarge (hypertrophy). Administer oral care by moistening lips, as well as skin care by bathing on a regular basis. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. RN, BSN, PHNClinical Nurse Instructor, Emergency Room Registered NurseCritical Care Transport NurseClinical Nurse Instructor for LVN and BSN students. When there is extreme fluid loss, the circulatory volume is decreased. To recognize if there are any compensating mechanisms for vasodilation. Provides an environment free of stimuli that increase anxiety and pain. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Before putting the patients feet in the water, always make sure to check the temperature. Dim lights, avoid noise, maintain a clean, comfortable bed with loose sheets and clothing, and disturb for care only when needed to promote comfort. Hematocrit level may be elevated, indicating polycythemia. Oral care is administered to avoid dryness-related injuries. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. Inspect the patients feet daily for the presence of trauma, redness, and breaks on the skin. . Manage Settings Type 1 diabetes patients may be eligible for a pancreas transplantation. The Silverman and Andersen index is used by nurses to determine the severity of respiratory distress. Limited vision may make it difficult for the patient to appropriately prepare and deliver insulin. Hyperbilirubinemia may result from breakdown of excess RBCs after birth. This information is intended to be nursing education and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. The healthcare provider does this assessment swiftly while documenting crucial observations and avoiding overexposure of the newborn. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Impaired Parent/Infant Attachment related to newborns current health status and hospitalization. Desired Outcome: The patient will be able to avoid the development of an infection. People with prediabetes may eventually have type 2 diabetes if the condition is left untreated. She is a clinical instructor for LVN and BSN students and a Emergency Room RN / Critical Care Transport Nurse. A pink complexion upon birth is the healthiest color. Accessibility Monitor patients serum electrolytes and recommend electrolyte replacement therapy (oral or IV) to the physician as needed. Create a daily weight chart and a food and fluid chart. Hyperglycemia may cause Kussmauls respirations and/or acetone breath. Description . Explain to the patient the importance of washing the feet with lukewarm water and mild soap on a daily basis. She has worked in Medical-Surgical, Telemetry, ICU and the ER. To facilitate early detection and management of infection and to provide proper wound management as needed. MeSH Listen to the patients perspective of incompetence or reluctance to adapt to present situations. The patient will be able to verbalize feelings about diminished function that can be expressed in a true and transparent manner. It is the result of the body's inability to use the insulin it produces in a manner that allows for normal blood glucose . (1) (2) The physician responsible for the care and delivery of the parturient must inform the neonatologist, pediatrician, or their designee responsible for . This will show the patient that some decisions from them can be considered and applied for their care. Proper diabetic diet balanced with nutritional needs is important in maintaining normal blood glucose levels. IDM is caused by chronic hyperglycemia in the mother (e.g., gestational diabetes mellitus or long-term diabetes mellitus with or without vascular changes). smoking, excessive alcohol intake, high sodium and/or. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Interrupted Breastfeeding related to the newborns present health condition. Polydipsia Increased / excessive thirst, Polyuria Frequent urination and increased amount of urine, Unexplained weight loss especially in type 1 diabetes, Heart diseases and stroke. Any wound or cut needs to be managed early and appropriately to prevent infection which may spread and may lead to. Other various skin colors, appearances, and remarkable characteristics of newborns are listed below, along with their interpretations. However, some skin colors may be due to certain health conditions. Fractures and nerve damage may occur from birth trauma if the infant is LGA. Address parental views by educating parents about t. Appropriate parental education aids in the clarification of reasonable expectations. As we all know, nursing is a rapidly evolving field, and staying up-to-date on the latest trends, technologies, and best practices is essential for providing the highest quality care to our . Allow the patient and significant other to verbalize expectations and goals on the disease and treatment plan in general. Provide written information or guidelines and self-learning modules, especially about the proper diet essential for diabetic patients. But having only a pink body and blue extremities, also called acrocyanosis, is considered normal and healthy. This type of diabetes often begins early in childhood. Educate the patient for the need to monitor and report any signs of infection or new wounds and cuts. For patients with limited financial resources, the cost of medication and supplies for blood glucose monitoring may be a barrier. An IDM is more likely to have periods of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) shortly . To find out what the mother already knows and the need for supplemental teaching. Buy on Amazon, Silvestri, L. A. To help the patient understand why unexplained weight loss is one of the signs of diabetes. The acceptable vital signs measurements of a newborn are listed below. She is a clinical instructor for LVN and BSN students and a Emergency Room RN / Critical Care Transport Nurse. Buy on Amazon, Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., Rebar, C. R., & Heimgartner, N. M. (2018). The patient will be able to assist in the planning of own care, and assume ownership for self-care tasks. As the #1 title in the pediatric nursing market for over 40 years, Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing, 11th Edition continues to leverage its trademark developmental approach as it equips readers with the very latest research and guidelines for treating children today. Diabetes ordiabetes mellitusis a metabolic disease where blood glucose levels are abnormally high. Patients may not be able to perceive their own strengths during a crisis. . Capillaries can be damaged by excess glucose in the blood. This condition can cause serious complications if left uncontrolled. The diagnosis criteria for gestational diabetes is different from ordinary diabetes and those mothers with positive glycosuria urine dip-stick tests and in high-risk groups should be formally tested. If the patient is on the bed, Allow the patient to use a foot cradle, space boots on ulcerated heels, elbow protectors, and mattresses that provide pressure relief. Exercise decreases the blood glucose level as the demand for glucose (energy) in the cells increases with physical activity. Everyone is also concerned about the newborns health, so learning about the newborns typical profile and activities is a decent idea. The patient will be able to begin making lifestyle modifications that will allow adaptation to current circumstances. Provides a starting point for dealing with the current circumstance in order to go on with the plan and assess progress. 7-10 points: The newborn is deemed to be healthy and in good condition. Discuss with the patient the importance of identifying how the patient handled the problems in the past and determine how the patient became in control of the situation. Monitor polydipsia. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit due to osmotic diuresis, Desired Outcome: The patient will demonstrate adequate hydration and balanced fluid volume, Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Disturbed Sensory Perception. Learn how your comment data is processed. Types of Diabetes Mellitus. The respiratory evaluation is the most crucial assessment before anything else. Assist the patient in identifying personal abilities and expertise, as well as setting realistic goals. If reagent strips indicate blood glucose levels less than 45 mg/dL, findings should be verified by laboratory and reported to pediatrician. FOIA Conduct a physical and psychosocial examination to the patient. 2. occur at any Monitor Fever, chills, pulses, age and is temperature, skin and diaphoresis good skin. Here are 17 nursing care plans (NCP) and nursing diagnoses for diabetes mellitus (DM): Risk for Unstable Blood Glucose Level. Discuss with the patient about the previous management done to keep up with the diabetic treatment plan. Sometimes, the foetus may suddenly die during the last trimester of pregnancy or macrosomia and its attending risks during delivery such as birth trauma , asphyxia , and increased possibility of L.S.C.S. It affects roughly 2% to 10% of pregnancies. Gestational diabetes is characterized by pregnancy-induced insulin resistance. During the neonatal period, a thorough assessment should be made to identify respiratory distress, birth trauma, problems with metabolic transition, and congenital anomalies. Pale and cyanotic (bluish discoloration) indicates that the newborn may be suffering from a lack of control over his central nervous system or a manifestation of congenital heart defects. Desired Outcome: The patient will be able to achieve a weight within his/her normal BMI range, demonstrating healthy eating patterns and choices. Desired Outcome: The patient will demonstrate awareness of diabetic self-care techniques. Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., Makic, M. B., Martinez-Kratz, M. R., & Zanotti, M. (2020). Administer diabetic medication (oral and/or insulin therapy) as prescribed. Educate the patient about hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Assess vital signs and signs of dehydration. Serum electrolyte studies may reveal hypocalcemia (total serum calcium mg/dL). Help the patient to select appropriate dietary choices to follow a high fiber, low fat diet. Chest movement, intercostal retraction, xiphoid retraction, nares dilatation, and expiratory grunt are the five criteria used to assess the newborns respiratory health. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Stress can cause a wide range of behavioral and physiological responses, which can indicate how difficult it is to cope. Elevate affected/ edematous extremities every now and then. . Review clients risk factors and provide information on how to avoid complications. To assist with further learning and promote clients learning at own pace. (2020). The United States ranks 50th in the world for maternal mortality and 41st amongindustrialized nations for infant mortality rate. Place the nursing interventions in order of priority. Discuss with the patient about the previous stressors and effective coping techniques. Encourage the patient to adhere to his/her dietary plan. RN, BSN, PHNClinical Nurse Instructor, Emergency Room Registered NurseCritical Care Transport NurseClinical Nurse Instructor for LVN and BSN students. Risk for Impaired Parent/Newborn Attachment. Teach the patient how to perform proper hand hygiene. To reduce the risk of skin breakdown that may lead to infection. Certain risk factors like a family history of diabetes, history of poor glucose control, poor exercise habits, eating disorders, and failure to recognize changes in glucose needs can result in blood glucose stability problems. Rather than emphasizing on ignored health habits, positive reinforcement encourages the patient to stick to the treatment plan. Risk for Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management. Here are some of the most important NCPs for diabetes: May be related to unfamiliarity with information misinterpretation lack of recall, Possibly evidenced by verbal statements of concerns or misconceptions expressions of request for information improper or inadequate follow-through of instructions development of preventable complications, Desired Outcome participates in the learning process exhibits signs of taking responsibility for own learning by asking questions verbalizes understanding of condition and treatment correlates signs and symptoms of the disease process and identify corresponding management perform demonstrated procedures correctly and explain reasons for actions, May be related to lack of adherence to diabetes management inadequate blood glucose monitoring practices fluctuating physical activity level stress, As evidenced by blood glucose levels below or above normal levels, Desired Outcome identifies factors that may lead to unstable blood glucose levels verbalizes understanding of balancing body and energy needs verbalizes plan in modifying identified risk factors to prevent shifts in glucose level maintains blood glucose levels within the normal range, May be related to decreased leukocyte function circulatory changes due to high blood glucose levels, Desired Outcome verbalizes understanding of identified risk factors identifies important interventions in reducing risks for infection ensures timely wound healing free from purulent discharges and necrosis, See Also:Nursing Care Plan for Risk for Infection.
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