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Public houses mentioned in the Ninth Divisional Association history Eight Stars to Victory are The Horse and Groom, Swan Hotel, The Swan Tap Bar, The Bell Hotel,The Peaceful Home, The Sun, The Globe, The Volunteer Arms, The Cricketers Arms, The Dean Arms, and The Running Horse. 3:09 | During a brigade operation in the Plain of Reeds close to the Cambodian border, Richey's platoon was asked to stay behind to see what the Viet Cong would do. They were always short of pilots in the assault helicopter company, but he didn't think this guy was going to work out. Our soldiers never lost a battle there. These men were now vastly different from those who sailed from America to invade North Africa. (Caution: coarse language.). document.writeln ('
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The 9th Infantry Division was split up with units landing at Liverpool, Swansea in Wales and Gourock in Scotland. Web9th Infantry Division Vietnam Recovered Missing in Action. The answer caused him to bite his tongue. The old Civic Cinema in Station Road, where the men couldrelax and watch movies. Web9th infantry division vietnam 1967 bearcatdream about someone faking their death. Neil Jacobsen Collection - Interview / Recording | Library of Congress Several helicopters were lost due to enemy fire, and two artillery barges sunk; the Benewah was struck by enemy fire, and one LCM was sunk. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item from the Librarys collections and for securing any necessary permissions rests with persons desiring to use the item. WebIn mid-January, the 9th Division became the first American infantry unit to establish a permanent camp in the VC-infested Mekong Delta. Les Harness remembers the training and manoeuvres over a three week period with men under canvas on the Herriard Estate. 5 U.S. soldiers lost their lives in a Long An Province rice paddy July 11, Overall, though, things were getting better and it was his opinion that it had a lot to do with the new top commander, Creighton Abrams. [ Attached to the 2d Battalion (Mechanized), 47th Infantry ] DAGO 5 (27 January 1969) 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry. Memorials - 4th Battalion, 47th Infantry Part 1 of 5. Kent, January 1988 Special thanks to Roy Gentry ofwww.alresford.org and Vincent Z. Whaley of http://vincentzwhaley.com/MilitaryTributes/9th_photos_england_02.php, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), 39th Infantry Regiment at Sprimont Belgium, 9th Infantry Division in Winchester England, 47th Infantry Regiment in Alresford England, http://vincentzwhaley.com/MilitaryTributes/9th_photos_england_02.php. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Guards were posted outside and the meeting continued for 2-3 hours. WebWhat unit was Forrest Gump in in Vietnam? The Blue Door where the men of the 47th Infantry Regiment enjoyed their afternoon teas. [10] In late July, the regiment along with the rest of 7th Infantry Brigade, was briefly attached to the VII French Army Corps near Bois du Chitelet;[12]:93 it was then sent to bolster the beleaguered 42nd Division at Ourcq. WebPart of the Tet offensive of the Vietnam War: Tet offensive attack on Long Binh and Bien Hoa, 31 January 1968: Date: 31 January-2 February 1968: Location: Bien Hoa, Bien Hoa Air Base and Long Binh Post, South Vietnam. Among visitors were veterans and their wives from the 9th U.S. Infantry Division who were staying in Winchester for a few days before going over to Normandy for the D-Day Commemoration there, as stated in the Hampshire Chronicle.They arrived in Alresford on Friday afternoon and their first stop was a river bank, where a wreath was laid on a grave, which has a simple headstone with the inscription, HERE LIES HAMBONE JR., FAITHFUL FRIEND OF THE 47th INFANTRY REGIMENT, 9th DIVISION, U.S. ARMY, MAY 1944., To this day, visitors can still see the burial stone erected in 1962 for Hambone Jr. in Alresford, UK. As Marine Captain Ron Christmas fought to regain the city of Hue, he found the enemy adept at concealment and surprise. Infantry Division Warwick, Rhode Island. VIETNAM 9th Infantry This is a nice little story about the stay of the men of the 47th Infantry Regiment in the UK, before they left for France to fight in the Normandy Campaign. During other recreational periods the Infantrymen explored the countryside on bicycles which they hired from Mr. G. Turner who owned the cycle shop on the corner of Station Road, now a greengrocers shop. Request a Quote. They were hunkered down after fierce fighting when the call came from "Ghost 4-6." Part 1 of 3. 9th Infantry Division - US Army - Vietnam WebAlpha Company 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry(Mechanized). 50 Broad Street in Alresford, the location of the former headquarters of the 47th Infantry Regiment in 1943 to 1944. The 2nd Battalion 47th Infantry Vietnam In Pictures (47 Pages) If you can identify anyone in these pictures, please contact Bob Pries. Can I cut the mustard? 9th Infantry Division: 4th Battalion - 47th Infantry 9th infantry division vietnam 1967 bearcat. that he could collect all the waste food for his pigs during the time away from Alresford.There were now so many jeeps and half- track vehicles hidden in the woods on the Northington Estate that Les gave up counting them. Brice Barnes remembers having a dinner with a Vietnamese Chief during the Tet celebrations, which led to a good relationship throughout the war. [56], The regiment's lineage is as follows:[57], The regiment's campaign participation credits, and decorations, are as follows:[57], World War I: Aisne-Marne; St. Mihiel; Meuse-Argonne; Champagne 1918; Lorraine 1918, World War II: Algeria-French Morocco (with arrowhead); Tunisia; Sicily; Normandy; Northern France; Rhineland; Ardennes-Alsace; Central Europe, Vietnam: Counteroffensive, Phase II; Counteroffensive, Phase III; Tet Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase IV; Counteroffensive, Phase V; Counteroffensive, Phase VI; Tet 69/Counteroffensive; Summer-Fall 1969; Winter-Spring 1970; Sanctuary Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase VII. It is composed of four organic Infantry and Armored Brigade Combat Teams . [33] By 14 June, the entire regiment had landed, and the following day the 47th began combat operations, fighting alongside regiments of the 82nd Airborne Division, attacking along a path which was near, or included, Orglandes, Hautteville-Bocage, and Ste. 9th infantry Witness to War is a non-profit dedicated to preserving the oral histories of combat veterans through digital video interviews. They were assigned to a task force of Combat Command B of the 9th Armored Division, consisting in part of the 47th Infantry After firing every round he had, he saw a wounded American on the other side of the river. var filename="../chopper.wav";
[69], In 1966, upon learning of the regiment's upcoming riverine mission, the regiment's leadership worked with the Navy's Amphibious Training School, in Coronado, to gain the skills needed for the expected deployment. He recalls their great generosity especially to the local children who were never short of chewing gum and candy. [23] At the time of the regiment was commanded by Colonel Edwin Randle. 47th Infantry Regiment [6][50] The regiment had the distinction of another first; on 8 March 1945, soldiers of the regiment became the first infantry troops to cross the Rhine River, doing so at Remagen;[35][51] for its actions during the crossing of the Rhine, the regiment was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation. Save the Date Morocco (with arrowhead); * Tunisia; * Sicily; * Normandy; * Northern France;
WebThere are 2 soldiers of the 9th Infantry Division Vietnam that have been identified and recovered. Whilst on the move there was no time for private thoughts but once on the boats troops began to reflect on those memorable days spent in the quiet Hampshire towns and villages. It eventually necessitated organizing a one-way system and the troops built a road from Northington Grange to Northbrook House, East Stratton; The Americans could always find a way around any obstacle. We were looking for a fight. Members of the 47th Infantry Regiment owed a particular debt of gratitude to Lord and Lady Tichborne and Mr & Mrs. Campbell-Browning who furnished them with billets. [64]:171, Following the regiment's deployment to Vietnam, its battalions were progressively inactivated. in the ARDENNES, * Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM
(Caution: coarse language.). Entrance into Service: Drafted. WebBack to Search Results Veterans History Project Service Summary: War or Conflict: Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Branch of Service: Army Unit of Service: 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division Location of Service: Fort Dix, New Jersey; Fort Polk, Louisiana; Fort Knox, Kentucky; Vietnam Highest Rank: E-5 View full service history Staff Sergeant Jlynn The Division was deactivated in January 1947 and then six months later was reactivated as a training division. A furious firefight followed, and he summoned his ace in the hole, the Air Force. The Marines who came to pick him up were dirty and dusty and haggard looking. christopher anderson obituary illinois; bammel middle school football schedule; triquetra protection symbol; at the MEUSE RIVER, * Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action
[73] On 4 March 2019, 3d Battalion was re-activated in the 198th Infantry Brigade for infantry one station unit training. Part 1 of 5. 1969-1970, * Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class
On a lighter note, he remembers the songs that he heard there and that take him back to that time. Vietnamization was underway with varying results. Web9th infantry division vietnam roster 9th infantry division vietnam roster. Witness to War is a non-profit dedicated to preserving the oral histories of combat veterans through digital video interviews. Web9th Infantry Division (ARVN) Stuart Jamison recalls observing the reality and immediacy of death as his unit assaults a Viet Cong company during Phase II of the Tet Offensive. WebBack to Search Results Veterans History Project Service Summary: War or Conflict: Vietnam War, 1961-1975 Branch of Service: Army Unit of Service: 2nd Battalion, 47th Merrie Olde England was a phrase they had heard and read and here it was in reality. Company B, 4th Battalion, 39th Infantry. As he and his battalion had to move around Vietnam, it was often very tough to move around due to poor road conditions. He had applied to Pathfinder school and was waiting for a slot when he got a lesson in how things get done in the Army. This isn't going to work. During the actions in Normandy, the 47th U.S. Infantry Regiment, that was billeted in and around Alresford, received their first Distinguished Unit citation in battle which reads The 47th Infantry Regiment is cited for extraordinary gallantry and outstanding performance of duty from 21st to 26th June 1944, during which time it assaulted and captured four heavily fortified enemy held positions and penetrated the heart of Cherbourg. [8][59], In Vietnam, the regiment fought in the Mekong Delta, where it conducted riverine warfare. When someone at work made a comment that America had lost the Vietnam War, Roye Wilson was shocked. E-5, Army, Vietnam War, 1961-1975 - Fort Knox, Kentucky; Fort Polk, Louisiana; Vietnam. When daylight came, it was a grim scene, with hundreds of enemy dead. 94th Infantry Division (United States WebSubscribe to 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division Footer menu. Charles William Gill Collection | Library of Congress [12]:96 In early August, the regiment fought near Bazoches-sur-Vesles during the Second Battle of the Marne. The situation was dire for the men on the ground so the answer was affirmative. We hold an Annual Meeting and Reunion each year and reach out to members through our quarterly Octofoil newsletter and this website. They had new wounded coming in constantly, and trying to care for all of them at once was emotionally exhausting. WebBrice Barnes | Vietnam | 9th Infantry Division, 47th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion Mechanized | 5:46 Brice Barnes remembers some of the most important things he gained Army. We were looking for a fight. Soon men were allowed to visit Winchester and London, followed by eight and ten day leave permits to go further afield. [64]:81 On 19 May 1967, the 2d Brigade's headquarters came under attack on the banks of the M Tho River, and the regiment's 3d Battalion was heavily engaged in thwarting the attack. 2nd Battalion 47th Infantry Vietnam Site Index - Angelfire Ninth Infantry Division Association They visited the various U.S. camp sites along with General Bradley, Commanding Officer of the 9th Infantry Division. To Jim Littig and to President Kennedy, it was a place to take a stand against communism. TAPS - rochestermnlegion.org - 78th Annual Reunion John P. Snodgrass (AFC 2001/001/xxxx), Transcript (MS04), Veterans History Project Collection, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. He was given free reign to take care of his area. Dates of Service: 1968-1974. Later in his Army career, it was time for a masters degree and Jim Littig chose an unusual major. Click below to see how you can help us expand our mission. Everyone breathing in a uniform was hurriedly mobilized by the 82nd Airborne as they scrambled to reply to Gen. Westmoreland's demand for more troops. Can I cut the mustard? To him, it was an honorable enterprise and the only right course at the time and it is his belief that it contributed to the fall of Soviet communism. After having fought in French Morocco, Tunisia and Sicily, the men of the 9th Infantry Division boarded the troopship and headed for England on the 11th of November 1943. Transitioning into the climate of Vietnam, he had a lot to get used to. [61] As of December 2013[update], 2d Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment is stationed at Sand Hill; the battalion falls under the 194th Armored Brigade, and Maneuver Center of Excellence. [16], It ended the war near Fays, Vosges, and served in the Army of Occupation near Koblenz until July 1919. 3rd Battalion, 47th Infantry, 9th Infantry Division, Jim Littig - Army, Mike Leonard - Air Force, LTG (Ret) John Le Moyne - Army, Tony Nadal - Army, Sammy Davis - Army, David Farthing - Navy, Tim Dunn - Marines, Roye Wilson - Army, Marvin Cole - Army, Tom Buchan - Army, LTG (Ret) Lawson W. Magruder III - Army, Mike Morris - Army, Dave Oliver - Air Force, Richard Jackson - Marines, Freddie Owens - Army, Bill Pearson - Army, Laurie Druyor - Navy, Tommy Clack - Army, Stuart Jamison - Army, Joe McDonald - Army, George Forrest - Army, LtGen Ron Christmas - Marines. When he had to miss a much anticipated Navy lunch aboard ship, he was disappointed, but it turned out that he was lucky. The Divisions 3d Brigade POSTED ON 9.2.2018 POSTED BY: Lucy Micik Thank You Dear PFC William Fesken, Thank you for your service as an Infantryman. Les Harness, who had a small holding at Northington, was a regular visitor to the various U.S. camps collecting the pig swill and has many amusing stories to tell of the boys The 94th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War II, and of the United States Army Reserve from 1956 until 1963. Phase VII, Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for CHERBOURG, Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for HAGUE PENINSULA, Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for ROETGEN, GERMANY, * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for NOTHBERG, GERMANY, Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for FREUZENBERG CASTLE, * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for REMAGEN, GERMANY, Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for OBERKIRCHEN, GERMANY, * Valorous Unit Award for LONG BINH - BIEN HOA, * French Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II for CHERBOURG, * Cited in the Order of the Day of the Belgian Army for action
Posted on 26 Feb in delores winans grandchildren. WebA group for Veterans and Active Duty Soliders of the 2nd Battalion 47th Infantry Regiment. After eating breakfast early in the morning, a sergeant told Richey and some other men to inspect guns in the armors room. The RPG that severed Joe McDonalds foot didnt kill him. [57] In 1957, the regiment was reorganized into the Combat Arms Regimental System. [19] Although inactivated, the regiment was relieved of its assignment to the 7th Infantry Brigade in 1927, and reassigned to the 13th Infantry Brigade, which was part of the 7th Division. In a desperation move, he called in artillery on his own position. [3][21] In November 1942, the regiment took part in Operation Blackstone in North Africa, where it fought against Vichy French forces during an amphibious landing;[22] the regiment's Company K were the first American troops to land in French Morocco. [40] The regiment continued to fight in the western portion of Cherbourg, and by the 26th it captured German General Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben and Admiral Walter Hennecke. He would be awarded the Silver Star for this action. Later in the month most had reached their new quarters, which [64]:105108 In early July 1967, operations were conducted in the G Cng Province;[64]:110112 at the end of that month, the regiment moved to Can Guioc. Web9th infantry division vietnam 1967 bearcatdream about someone faking their death. He would be awarded the Silver Star for this action. The politicians decided they would leave and they did. A Special Thanks to a Friend of all Vietnam Veterans
WebUS ARMY VIETNAM 9th Infantry Div Military Police Mobile Riverine Force vel hooks - $14.99. Joe Growing up in Texas in a family with military history, Brice Barnes had a desire to enlist to help the world be a better place. Part 1 of 2. The situation was dire for the men on the ground so the answer was affirmative. She vividly remembers the patients coming aboard, and the aftermath of this incident, including one boy who was MIA. Constituted in 1917 at Camp Syracuse, New York, the regiment fought in the Great War, and was Les Harness also recalls a German bomber flying over with a British fighter aircraft in pursuit.It quickly jettisoned its bombs and one landed in the Northington Lake and another in the Park, causing some damage to the gardeners cottage. Winchester, UK, famous for its beautiful Cathedral, and Alresford, in Southern England, both home for the men of the 9th Infantry Division in 1943 1944. 1968. He knew what he had to do and his actions brought him consideration for the nation's highest military honor, the Medal of Honor. Captain Forrest still had to write a gut-wrenching letter to the mother of a missing soldier. 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division Helmeted Bobbies courteously answered the mountains of questions, and driving on the left side of the road soon became natural. 9th infantry division vietnam roster - Stmatthewsbc.org Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. github.com [34], On 10 June, four days after D-Day, the 9th Infantry Division landed at Utah Beach. Currently, the histories of 73 regiments are available on-line. 2d Battalion, 47th Infantry - United States Army Center Of Not long after because of the rotational Latest Update: May 25, 2013 2 nd Battalion (Mechanized) 47 th Infantry Regiment 9 th Therefore, permission must be obtained before using the interview or other materials in exhibition or publication. Our History - Ninth Infantry Division Association Forward air controller Mike Leonard went up to Ban Me Thuot to help out for a few days. WebThe 94th Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I, and of the Organized Reserve Corps in 1921 until 1942. To him, it was an honorable enterprise and the only right course at the time and it is his belief that it contributed to the fall of Soviet communism. Vietnam 9th Division Order of Battle 1967-1968, * Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM
Once there, medic Daniel Torres volunteered to stay with those who couldn't move and protected them through the night with medicine and a machine gun. Menu. After the Tet Offensive, he remembers having to deal with a lot of the bureaucracy that came with the ongoing war. Customized U.S. Army Divisions Tropical Floral #T0091 V-neck Apparently his original name was Whisky, but the GIs named him in honor of a cook whose nickname was Hambone, Gilbertson said. [38] On 22 June, the attack on Cherbourg began, with the regiment errantly being attacked by aircraft of the IX Bomber Command, and the 39th Infantry Regiment following behind its advancement;[39] by the 24th the regiment had broken through the enemy defenses, and along with the 39th, where fighting within the suburb of Octeville. 1969, * Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm for VIETNAM
It is Labor Day weekend, and we remember you all. Richard Jackson's men tried probing the ground with sharp sticks, but they broke too easily. Tom Agnew was apprehensive on the way to Vietnam and wondering if he was up to the task. 9th infantry division vietnam When daylight came, it was a grim scene, with hundreds of enemy dead. 26 talking about this. Vietnam His company command at the Cua Viet River was just the way Richard Jackson liked it. One night, while Laurie was eating dinner, the USS Sanctuary got a call about a plane crash. 9th Infantry Division - 4th/47th - Facebook The motorized infantry division was to be equipped with enhanced technology to give it deployability and fire power and The 9th Infantry Regiment was officially constituted in the Regular Army on 3 March 1855. [46] This was followed by fighting in the Hrtgen Forest;[47] during the battle the regiment captured Frenzerburg Castle. else if (navigator.appName == "Netscape")
WebSubscribe to 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division Footer menu. Every soldier in a spider hole was armed with a rifle and a RPG launcher. WebThe 9th Infantry was disbanded for the last time in 1848. When the damp winter weather turned into crisp spring, training was being stepped up and talk of the invasion was becoming more prevalent. [20], In August 1940, the regiment was reassigned away from the 7th Infantry Division and into the 9th Infantry Division, and was then activated at Fort Bragg. Highest Rank: Sergeant. It was the day he helped out one of the APC crews, though, that earned him recognition. 9th infantry division vietnam Richey describes coming home as a difficult experience. It was the most intense action he saw during the war. // -->. One involves Laney Gardner, a man from Richey's home town, and a man named Arnt who liked to joke around. Once the preliminaries of getting the troops billeted into the various camps was completed, the men were anxious to explore the countryside and meet the local folk. Wikizero - Tet offensive attacks on Bien Hoa and Long Binh While Richey's superiors typically got mad at the men in these situations, Richey knew it was important to keep loose once in a while. Private First Class William P. Fesken, Served with Company A, 3rd Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division, United States Army Vietnam. Soon after the Great War, the Division was demobilized in 1919 and re-designated a regular Army unit in 1923 and placed on the inactive list. Our Mission - This Association was formed by the officers and men of the 9th Infantry Division in order to perpetuate the memory of our fallen comrades, to preserve the esprit de corps of the Division, to assist in promoting an everlasting world peace exclusively by means of educational activities and to serve as an information bureau about the 9th Infantry Division. Preserving The Oral HistorIES of Combat Veterans. John P. Snodgrass (AFC 2001/001/xxxx), Veterans History Project Collection, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. [17] Following the Great War, the army contracted in size;[18] due to this downsizing, the regiment was inactivated in 1921. Charles William Gill Collection | Library of Congress On a lighter note, he remembers the songs that he heard there and that take him back to that time. The grenade taped to his hand might have killed him if the VC had found his hiding place. [57], In July 1947 the regiment was reactivated at Fort Dix. WASSI, Inc for Hosting Our Site
Research. [42] On 11 July, wounded men and medical officers of the regiment's third battalion, were captured by German forces; one of the medical officers would later be killed by friendly fire and buried at Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial, while the other was liberated at Chteau-Thierry while taking care of wounded prisoners of war. They even helped him with his petrol ration so Richey could not agree more. FOR SALE! The 9th Infantry Division (Division) was first activated during World War I, but was never deployed to Europe. It was determined that they weren't going out far enough and on the second patrol that ventured further, Jim Bolan and the combined unit ran into the back of a VC ambush. [37], Relieved by the 357th Infantry Regiment (of the 90th Infantry Division) along the English Channel, facing Jersey, the regiment moved to Saint-Jacques-de-Nhou where it began its push northward to Vasteville, via Bricquebec; on 20 June it began its push towards Cherbourg, but was initially halted near Sideville by stiff German prepared defenses around the outskirts of the port city. He saw the enemy soldier stand and fire the RPG that changed his life forever. With the rest of the platoon, he set out to find them and bring them back. After the column was devastated by an NVA ambush, wounded Americans were scattered in the darkness. Going into the Vietnam War, he understood and sympathized with the idea that the U.S. was looking to help the Vietnamese be better off. The Association is dedicated to growing our membership, including an increasing number of Vietnam veterans and their families. 9th infantry division vietnam 1967 bearcat. Charlie Company in the U.S. Armys 4th Battalion, 47th Infantry, 9th Division was one of the last combat infantry companies to be drafted, trained and sent [64]:76, During the conflict three of the regiment's battalions served;[11] the 2d Battalion was deployed from January 1967 until October 1970, the 3d Battalion was deployed from January 1967 until July 1969, and the 4th Battalion was deployed January 1967 until July 1969. Latest Update: May 25, 2013 2 nd Battalion (Mechanized) 47 th Infantry Regiment 9 th Infantry Division (Vietnam) M113A1 by George E. Bieda, 9092 Washington Ave, Studio 7, Silverdale WA 98383, 800-595-0042 or 360-613-5787 Windjammer-Arts.Com [64]:59 From mid-February to late-March 1967, the regiment's 3d Battalion conducted combat training, with the USSWhitfield County(LST-1169) and the 9th River Assault Squadron, in the Rung Sat Special Zone. 9th infantry division vietnam 1967 bearcat. (Source: Army Battle Casualties & Non-battle Deaths in WWII, Final Report, 1 December 1941-31 December 1946 Mediterranean & Europe.). Constituted 15 May 1917 in the Regular Army as the 47th Infantry. In order for VHP materials to be duplicated, we must receive written permission from the interviewee for you to obtain a copy of the recording unless the proposed use is limited to personal use, research, or other uses permissible by copyright law.