Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Agriculture. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. This site contains PDF documents. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. An estimated 85 percent of the . Section D. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming . Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Agricultural products account for . Washington, DC 20230. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. J. Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. The mixed agriculture exhibits several subsystems. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. "National Statistical Abstract. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Agriculture in Ethiopia. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) 2. Wubne, Mulatu. Kassaye Tolassa . Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. They are boiled, roasted, or included in a stew-like dish known as wot, which is sometimes a main dish and sometimes a supplementary food. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Merkebu Getachew. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. Trade. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. In addition to red meat, there are emerging opportunities in chicken, egg, and dairy production and processing. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years.